Innovations in Low-Carbon Concrete: A Review of Sustainable Materials and Technologies

Abstract

Concrete is the most widely used construction material globally due to its durability, strength, and
adaptability. However, its environmental footprint particularly from the production of Portland cement has emerged as a pressing concern, contributing approximately 8% of global CO₂ emissions. In response to this environmental challenge, significant research and development efforts have been devoted to reducing the carbon intensity of concrete production while maintaining or enhancing its structural performance. This review explores the latest innovations in low-carbon concrete, emphasizing sustainable materials, advanced mix designs, and emerging carbon-reduction
technologies. The paper begins by examining alternative binders such as geopolymer cements,
calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements, and magnesium-based binders, which drastically reduce
clinker content and CO₂ emissions. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), including fly ash,
slag, and silica fume, are also discussed for their pozzolanic properties and carbon footprint benefits.
Furthermore, novel aggregates sourced from industrial by-products, recycled construction materials,
and even carbon-sequestering synthetic aggregates are highlighted for their role in enhancing
sustainability. In addition to material innovations, the review analyzes carbon capture and utilization
(CCU) strategies, such as CO₂ mineralization during curing and injection into fresh mixes. Digital
design tools and performance-based mix optimization techniques, enabled by machine learning, are
also discussed as critical enablers of sustainability by reducing waste and improving material efficiency. The paper conducts a comparative analysis of these technologies, evaluating their strengths, limitations, and readiness levels for commercial deployment. Finally, it presents a methodological framework for assessing low-carbon concrete solutions using lifecycle assessment (LCA), durability testing, and performance benchmarks. By synthesizing current developments and identifying future research directions, this review provides a comprehensive reference for engineers, policymakers, and researchers seeking to decarbonize the built environment.